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Nowadays almost everyone can gather and get their hands on your independent source of electricity in solar cells (in the literature they are called photovoltaic panels).
Expensive equipment with time compensated by the possibility to receive free electricity. It is important that the solar panels – an environmentally friendly source of energy. During the last years the price of photovoltaic panels fell dozens of times and they continue to fall, which means great prospects for their use.
In the classic form of this source of energy will consist of the following components: directly, solar battery (DC generator), battery charge control device and an inverter, which converts direct current to alternating current.
Solar panels are made up of a set of solar cells (photovoltaic cells) that directly convert solar energy into electricity.
Most solar cells are made from silicon, which has a relatively high cost. This fact, a high cost of electricity, which is obtained by using solar panels.
Two common types of photovoltaic cells: made of monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon. They differ in production technology. The former have efficiencies up to 17.5%, and the second – 15%.
The most important parameters of solar battery, which has a major impact on the economy of the entire system, it is useful power. It is determined by the voltage and output current. These parameters depend on the intensity of light coming in to the battery.
Emf (Electromotive force) of individual solar cells does not depend on their size and reduces the battery when heated by the sun, about 0.4% to 1 g. C. Output current depends on the intensity of solar radiation and the size of the solar cells. The brighter the sun, the greater the current generated by solar cells. Charging current and output power in cloudy weather drops. This occurs due to the decrease of given battery voltage.
If the sunlight is shorted to battery or what load resistance RL, the circuit appears electric current I, the value of which is determined by the quality of the photoelectric converter, light intensity and resistance to stress. Power Pn, which is released by the product of the load Pn = InUn where Un voltage at the terminals of the battery.
Maximum power is allocated to the load at a certain optimal her resistance Ropt, which corresponds to the highest coefficient of performance (COP) conversion of light energy into electrical energy. For each transmitter has its own value Ropt, which depends on the quality, the size of the work surface and the degree of illumination.
Solar cell consists of individual solar cells are connected in series and in parallel to increase the output parameters (current, voltage and power). In series of elements increases the output voltage in parallel – the output current. In order to increase the current and voltage and combine these two ways to connect. In addition, with this method of connection failure of one of the solar cells does not result in failure of the entire chain, ie increases the reliability of the entire battery.
Thus, the solar cell is composed of a parallel-series-connected solar cells. The maximum possible current given off is directly proportional to the number of batteries connected in parallel, and the emf – Series-connected solar cells. So combining connection types collected battery with the required parameters.
Solar battery cells wheeling diode. They are usually 4 – one for each ¼ of the battery. Diodes protect against failure of the battery, which for some reason were blacked out, ie, if at some point the light does not fall on them. Battery with a time generates 25% less output power than in normal lighting the entire surface of the sun power.
In the absence of these diodes, solar cells will overheat and fail, as they are at the time of darkness turn to current consumers (batteries are discharged by solar cells), and the use of diodes, they are bridged and the current through them is not. Diodes must be low impedance to reduce the voltage drop on them. For these purposes, the recent use of Schottky diodes.
The resulting electrical energy is stored in batteries, and then given to the load. Batteries – the chemical current sources. The battery charge is when it is accompanied by the potential that more battery voltage.
Number of series and parallel connection of solar cells must be such that the operating voltage of the batteries supplied with the voltage drop in the charging circuit a bit more than the battery voltage, and load current of the battery provides the required amount of charging current.
For example, charging a lead-acid battery 12 must have a solar panel consisting of 36 elements.
Post time: Feb-22-2017