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Graphene is a material made up of single-atom thick sheets of carbon which makes graphene flexible, conductive, transparent and abundant. Currently, researchers are trying to fully incorporate graphene into thin-film solar cells due to graphene’s high conductance and transparency; however, graphene cannot hold an electrical charge as well as some other materials. As a result, scientists are coming up with new ways to process graphene sheets so that they are better suited for use in solar energy applications.

One way to improve the use of graphene in solar cells is to dope the sheets of graphene with oxygen to create graphene oxide which is less conductive but better able to hold a charge. If this technology is successfully developed and executed, it could replace the brittle and rare Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) which is a useful, but very expensive conductor. Another idea that scientists are investigating is stacking multiple sheets of graphene together to increase conductance and charge capacity. This allows less light to penetrate the surface of the solar cells but also increases the charge capacity, allowing the graphene sheets to outperform ITO.

Both of these ideas for graphene usage in solar cells demonstrate the materials science paradigm of processing a material to obtain optimal properties for the application. Our video will talk about the structure of graphene itself and how processing the graphene differently alters the structure of graphene which improves its properties and allows it to perform better in photovoltaic cells. These positive effects of graphene usage in solar cells would clearly benefit the environment by creating cheaper and more efficient solar cells.

Sources Cited in Abstract:

http://www.graphene-info.com/graphene-solar-panels

http://www.graphene-info.com/researchers-say-graphene-will-outperform-ito-solar-panel-transparent-electrode-material

References:
Introduction to solar panels, N-type and P-type semiconductors: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/1448.pdf, http://electronicdesign.com/power-sources/what-s-difference-between-thin-film-and-crystalline-silicon-solar-panels
Image on Page 4 based picture from: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/archive-2013-2014/how-a-solar-cell-works.html?cq_ck=1396892718960
Intro to current problems with solar cells: http://www.solarpoweristhefuture.com/problems-with-solar-energy.shtml
Solar cells are expensive: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/544876?lang=en&region=US, http://energyinformative.org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline-thin-film/#thin-film-solar-cells,
Current solar panels are not efficient : http://www.solarpoweristhefuture.com/how-efficient-is-solar-energy.shtml, http://energyinformative.org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline-thin-film/#thin-film-solar-cells, http://www.mpoweruk.com/energy_efficiency.htm
Properties of Graphene: https://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene-properties#.WO7aLNLyvb0,
Second Solution: https://phys.org/news/2013-12-graphene-sheets-effective-transparent-electrodes.html
MSE Triangle: http://www.graphenomenon.com/, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/balancing-act/

Image Credits (in order of appearance):

https://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/graphene-head.jpg

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160928151119.htm

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illust_poly_thinfilm.gif

Custom images/animation by our team

https://brainmass.com/hubsimg/1477377/carbon.jpg

https://www.graphene-info.com/graphene-solar-panels

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Shine_Augustine/publication/276394214/figure/fig2/AS:294624238292993@1447255300638/Figure-3-Molecular-structure-of-i-graphene-ii-graphene-oxide-Graphene-exhibits-a.png

http://www.aerogelgraphene.com/graphene-solar-panels-2/

http://daais.sinica.edu.tw/english/publication_list.php?yearId=11

https://www.graphene-info.com/graphene-solar-panels

http://www.industrialheating.com/ext/resources/Issues/Issues2/2017/Jan/ih0117_mct_fig1-900.jpg

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/f7/76/be/f776bef5ea60f056da26d4204bcc8cc1.jpg

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/09/160928151119.htm

UPDATE, 2014 October 19.

Answers to some questions:

1) Yes I did use too much heatsink compound initially, but what isn’t shown in the video is
me scrapping off all the excess.
2) The Peltier (TEC) is a TEC1-12710 from Ebay rated at 154Watts, Vmax 15.4Volts Imax
10Amps.
3) I did not completely overcome the condensation problem – this was just an experiment.
What’s not show on the video is that I filled the gap around the CPU/Cooling Block with
lots of Dow Corning DC4 silicone compound, this stopped condensation on the top but
the underside of the MoBo (where the CPU is) got wet.

Initial CPU temperature, as measured in BIOS, was -16°C but after running for a while it settled at -10°C.

The power supply was home-made from a 240v-12v toroidal transformer (two 12v outputs each capable of providing 9Amps, only one 12v output used) a 10amp bridge rectifier (KBU10M) and a 68000µF16volt electrolytic capacitor.

For this test power for the pump and ancillary fans was provide by a bench PSU, set to 12volts and capable of providing 2Amps, although 1.1Amps was max current required.

Cooling had to be supplied for the pump, which heated up noticeable at the base, and the bridge rectifier which still got very hot even with a heat sink and fan.
The transformer also got quite warm.

Some measured parameters:
Initial Peltier starting current 8.4Amps, settled to 7.8Amps when playing a movie on PC.
Peltier (PSU) voltage 13.5olts – Steady throughout test.
Water temperature : Start 20°C, After 3 hours 27°C